Mental Effects of Hormonal Birth Control
Written by Melissa Barall, CFA, Content Writer, FemHealth Insights
Hormonal birth control, a cornerstone of reproductive health management, not only impacts physical health but also has profound implications for mental well-being. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the complex relationship between hormonal contraceptives and mental health, revealing both potential benefits and risks. This article, the second of a three-part series, explores the mental / emotional effects of hormonal contraceptives, citing scientific studies exploring the mental effects of hormonal birth control, providing insights and considerations for women making informed health decisions.
Overview of Hormonal Birth Control
Hormonal contraceptives, including pills, patches, injections, and implants, work by regulating or suppressing natural hormones to prevent pregnancy by preventing the release of a matured egg from the ovary. They typically function by altering levels of estrogen and progesterone, which can also affect various brain functions and mood regulations.
Mental Health Impacts of Hormonal Birth Control
Mood Changes and Depression Risk: One of the most discussed mental effects of hormonal birth control is its impact on mood. Studies have linked the use of hormonal contraceptives with an increased risk of developing depression and of being prescribed antidepressants, particularly among teenagers. In one study, approximately 2.2 women out of 100 that took hormonal birth control were likely to develop depression vs. 1.7 who did not take it.
Anxiety and Emotional Well-being: While some women report mood stabilization and reduced premenstrual syndrome symptoms on hormonal contraceptives, others experience increased anxiety and emotional sensitivity. The variability in response suggests that genetic factors, along with individual hormonal baselines, play critical roles in determining mental health outcomes. Interestingly, one study noted that during the sugar pill period, users had withdrawal symptoms that included a 13% increase in negative affect, 7% increase in anxiety, and 24% increase in mental health symptoms during the pause pill time. Continuous research in this area is needed to clarify these effects and provide more targeted guidance for users.
Impact on Stress Response: Hormonal contraceptives can alter physiological responses to stress. Research published in "Psychoneuroendocrinology" found that hormonal contraceptive users might have a blunted cortisol response during stress, which could affect their overall stress management and resilience.
Beneficial Effects on Mental Health
Despite potential risks, there are also beneficial mental health effects associated with hormonal birth control:
Regulation of Mood Fluctuations: For some women, particularly those with severe PMS or PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), hormonal contraceptives can provide significant relief from mood swings and emotional instability associated with their menstrual cycles. This stabilization can lead to improved overall mental health and quality of life.
Predictability and Control: The ability to regulate menstrual cycles can decrease anxiety related to unpredictable menstrual symptoms, providing a sense of stability and control over one's body that contributes positively to mental well-being. Interestingly, suicide rates have been shown to be highest in some studies during the menstrual phase in regularly cycling women.
Personalized Approach and Monitoring
Given the diverse reactions to hormonal birth control, a personalized approach is critical. Women should have detailed discussions with their healthcare providers about their mental health history before starting any hormonal contraceptive. Monitoring mental health while using these methods is also essential to address any emerging issues promptly.
Conclusion
The relationship between hormonal birth control and mental health is complex and multifaceted, involving a delicate balance of benefits and potential risks. As research continues to evolve, it is crucial for healthcare providers and users to remain informed and vigilant. Women considering hormonal contraceptives should weigh the mental health implications alongside other health factors and lifestyle considerations to make the best decision for their individual needs.
About the Author:
Melissa Barall, CFA, is a dedicated finance and health professional, with experience in the private and public markets. She began her career on Wall Street in 2018 and has been a health and wellness advocate, angel investor, and superconnector along the way. Her mission is to bridge the gap for women in both investing and health care, and is passionate about mental health, wellness / biohacking, and psychedelics.
